References

[i] JoAnne O’Connell, The Life & Songs of Stephen Foster: A Revealing Portrait of the Forgotten Man behind “Swanne River,” “Beautiful Dreamer,” and “My Old Kentucky Home”, (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2016), 4; Christopher Lynch, “Stephen Foster and the Slavery Question,” American Music 40, no. 1 (2022): 8; John Tasker Howard, Stephen Foster: America’s Troubadour, (New York: Tudor Publishing Company, 1943) 82; William B. Foster Sr. to William B. Foster Jr., July 14, 1834, Foster Hall Collection, C628.

[ii] John Tasker Howard, Stephen Foster, 52; Morrison Foster, My Brother Stephen, (Indianapolis: Foster Hall Library, 1932), 49; Christopher Lynch, “Stephen Foster and the Slavery Question,” 13; For a contemporary reflection on the legacy of antebellum rape of enslaved women by their masters, specifically as they relate to Confederate monuments, see “My Body is a Confederate Monument” https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/26/opinion/confederate-monuments-racism.html; “Foster Memorial”, The Pittsburgh Press (Pittsburgh, PA), May 15, 1895.

[iii] Morrison Foster, My Brother Stephen, 49-50.

[iv] JoAnne O’Connell, The Life and Songs of Stephen Foster, 251; Evelyn Foster Morneweck, Chronicles of Stephen Foster’s Family, Vol. 2, (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1944), 547-49; “That’s What’s the Matter,” Stephen Foster Lyrics, accessed January 16, 2022, https://sites.pitt.edu/~amerimus/lyrics.htm.

[v] Deane L. Root, The “Mythtory” of Stephen C. Foster or Why His True Story Remains Untold, The American Music Research Center Journal; Boulder, CO Vol. 1, (January 1, 1991): 28.

[vi] Evelyn Foster Morneweck, Chronicles of Stephen Foster’s Family, Vol. 2, (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1944), 409-10; Christopher Lynch, “Stephen Foster and the Slavery Question,” 31; George Cooper to Harold Vincent Milligan, July 2, 1917, Foster Hall Collection, C929.Fletcher Hodges Jr., “Stephen Collins Foster, Democrat,” Lincoln Herald 47, no. 2 (June 1945): 9; “The Abolition Show”, Stephen Foster Lyrics (with Morrison Foster), accessed January 12, 2022, https://sites.pitt.edu/~amerimus/lyrics.htm; “The White House Chair”, Stephen Foster Lyrics, accessed January 12, 2022, https://sites.pitt.edu/~amerimus/lyrics.htm.

[vii] Eric Foner, Give Me Liberty!: An American History, Vol. 1, Sixth Edition, (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2020), 395-96; Philip Dray, At the Hands of Persons Unknown: The Lynching of Black America, (New York: Random House, 2002), 75; Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, or Life Among the Lowly, (Garden City, NY: Dolphin Books, Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1960), 277-79; Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, (Mineola, NY:, Dover Publications, Inc., 1995), 33.

[viii] Richard Storrs Willis, ed., “Pittsburgh,” Musical World and New York Musican Times 5, no. 5 (January 29, 1853): 75; Stephen Foster to E.P. Christy, May 25, 1852, Foster Hall Collection, C869d; “Massa’s in de Cold cold Ground”, Stephen Foster Lyrics, accessed January 12, 2022, https://sites.pitt.edu/~amerimus/lyrics.htm.

[ix] “My Old Kentucky Home, Goodnight”, Stephen Foster Lyrics, accessed January 12, 2022, https://sites.pitt.edu/~amerimus/lyrics.htm.

[x] Narrative of William Coleman quoted in James Mellon, ed., Bullwhip Days: The Slaves Remember – An Oral History, (New York: Avon Books, 1988), 235; Jack Larkin, The Reshaping of Everyday Life: 1790-1840, (New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1988), 114, 136, 146-47.

[xi] Fletcher Hodges Jr., “Stephen Foster, Democrat”, 9; Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 34-46, 117; “My Old Kentucky Home, Goodnight”, Stephen Foster Lyrics, accessed January 13, 2022, https://sites.pitt.edu/~amerimus/lyrics.htm.

[xii] Morrison Foster, My Brother Stephen, 35-36; Stephen Foster to E.P. Christy, June 20, 1851, in Calvin Elliker, Stephen Foster: A Guide to Research, (New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1988), 96; Stephen Foster to E.P. Christy, June 20, 1851, in Calvin Elliker, Stephen Foster, 96; Philip Dray, At the Hands of Persons Unknown, 75; Frederick Douglass, My Bondage and My Freedom: Part I. Life as a Slave, Part II. Life as a Freeman, (New York: Miller, Orton & Mulligan, 1855), 462.